No deaths due to acute poisoning have been reported.

Signs and symptoms most likely to occur are postural hypotension (dizziness, blurred vision), possible syncope when standing, shock, and bradycardia. The patient may also have nausea, vomiting and severe diarrhea. Unconsciousness is unlikely if adequate blood pressure and cerebral perfusion are maintained.

Treatment
There is no specific antidote. If indicated, perform gastric lavage followed by activated charcoal.  Atropine can be given for sinus bradycardia.  In previously normotensive patients, keeping the patient in the supine position usually restores the blood pressure and heart rate to normal. Cardiovascular and renal function should be monitored and usually returns to normal over 72 hours.

In previously hypertensive patients, particularly those with impaired cardiac reserve or other cardiovascular-renal disease, intensive treatment may be required to support vital functions and to control cardiac irregularities that might be present. Keep the patient in the supine position. If vasopressors are required, they must be used with care because the patient my be sensitive to vasopressors resulting in increased blood pressure and cardiac arrhythmias.

Diarrhea should be treated symptomatically. Severe diarrhea should be treated with anticholinergic agents.

Maintain hydration and electrolyte balance.

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